Preface
I. The Study of Life
1. Introduction
2. The Science of Biology
3. Themes and Concepts of Biology
4. Chapter 1
II. The Chemical Foundation of Life
5. Introduction
6. Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
7. Water
8. Carbon
III. Biological Macromolecules
9. Introduction
10. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
11. Carbohydrates
12. Lipids
13. Proteins
14. Nucleic Acids
IV. Cell Structure
15. The Cytoskeleton
V. Metabolism
16. Introduction
17. Energy and Metabolism
18. Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
19. The Laws of Thermodynamics
20. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
21. Enzymes
VI. Cellular Respiration
22. Introduction
23. Energy in Living Systems
24. Glycolysis
25. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
26. Oxidative Phosphorylation
27. Metabolism without Oxygen
28. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
29. Regulation of Cellular Respiration
VII. Photosynthesis
30. Introduction
31. Overview of Photosynthesis
32. The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
33. Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
VIII. Cell Reproduction
34. Introduction
35. Cell Division
36. The Cell Cycle
37. Control of the Cell Cycle
38. Cancer and the Cell Cycle
39. Prokaryotic Cell Division
IX. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
40. Introduction
41. The Process of Meiosis
42. Sexual Reproduction
X. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
43. Introduction
44. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
45. Characteristics and Traits
46. Laws of Inheritance
XI. Modern Understandings of Inheritance
47. Introduction
48. Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
49. Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
XII. DNA Structure and Function
50. Introduction
51. Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
52. DNA Structure and Sequencing
53. Basics of DNA Replication
54. DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
55. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
56. DNA Repair
XIII. Genes and Proteins
57. Introduction
58. The Genetic Code
59. Prokaryotic Transcription
60. Eukaryotic Transcription
61. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
62. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
XIV. Gene Expression
63. Introduction
64. Regulation of Gene Expression
65. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
66. Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
67. Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
68. Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
69. Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
70. Cancer and Gene Regulation
XV. Biotechnology and Genomics
71. Introduction
72. Biotechnology
73. Mapping Genomes
74. Whole-Genome Sequencing
75. Applying Genomics
76. Genomics and Proteomics
XVI. Evolution and the Origin of Species
77. Introduction
78. Understanding Evolution
79. Formation of New Species
80. Reconnection and Speciation Rates
XVII. The Evolution of Populations
81. Introduction
82. Population Evolution
83. Population Genetics
84. Adaptive Evolution
XVIII. Phylogenies and the History of Life
85. Introduction
86. Organizing Life on Earth
87. Determining Evolutionary Relationships
88. Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
XIX. Viruses
89. Introduction
90. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
91. Virus Infections and Hosts
92. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
93. Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
XX. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
94. Introduction
95. Prokaryotic Diversity
96. Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
97. Prokaryotic Metabolism
98. Bacterial Diseases in Humans
99. Beneficial Prokaryotes
XXI. Protists
100. Introduction
101. Eukaryotic Origins
102. Characteristics of Protists
103. Groups of Protists
104. Ecology of Protists
XXII. Fungi
105. Introduction
106. Characteristics of Fungi
107. Classifications of Fungi
108. Ecology of Fungi
109. Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
110. Importance of Fungi in Human Life
XXIII. Seedless Plants
111. Introduction
112. Early Plant Life
113. Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
114. Bryophytes
115. Seedless Vascular Plants
XXIV. Seed Plants
116. Introduction
117. Evolution of Seed Plants
118. Gymnosperms
119. Angiosperms
120. The Role of Seed Plants
XXV. Introduction to Animal Diversity
121. Introduction
122. Features of the Animal Kingdom
123. Features Used to Classify Animals
124. Animal Phylogeny
125. The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
XXVI. Invertebrates
126. Introduction
127. Phylum Porifera
128. Phylum Cnidaria
129. Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
130. Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
131. Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
132. Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
133. Superphylum Deuterostomia
XXVII. Vertebrates
134. Introduction
135. Chordates
136. Fishes
137. Amphibians
138. Reptiles
139. Birds
140. Mammals
141. The Evolution of Primates
XXVIII. Plant Form and Physiology
142. Introduction
143. The Plant Body
144. Stems
145. Roots
146. Leaves
147. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
148. Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
XXIX. Soil and Plant Nutrition
149. Introduction
150. Nutritional Requirements of Plants
151. The Soil
152. Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
XXX. Plant Reproduction
153. Introduction
154. Reproductive Development and Structure
155. Pollination and Fertilization
156. Asexual Reproduction
XXXI. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
157. Introduction
158. Animal Form and Function
159. Animal Primary Tissues
160. Homeostasis
XXXII. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
161. Introduction
162. Digestive Systems
163. Nutrition and Energy Production
164. Digestive System Processes
165. Digestive System Regulation
XXXIII. The Nervous System
166. Introduction
167. Neurons and Glial Cells
168. How Neurons Communicate
169. The Central Nervous System
170. The Peripheral Nervous System
171. Nervous System Disorders
XXXIV. Sensory Systems
172. Introduction
173. Sensory Processes
174. Somatosensation
175. Taste and Smell
176. Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
177. Vision
XXXV. The Endocrine System
178. Introduction
179. Types of Hormones
180. How Hormones Work
181. Regulation of Body Processes
182. Regulation of Hormone Production
183. Endocrine Glands
XXXVI. The Musculoskeletal System
184. Introduction
XXXVII. The Study of Life
185. Introduction
186. The Science of Biology
Appendix
The Periodic Table of Elements
Geological Time
Measurements and the Metric System
Biology 2e by cnxbio2e is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
