3.2 Mouth to Stomach

Jill Reid, VCU

3.2 Mouth to Stomach

Mouth to the Stomach

Digestion begins in the mouth, both mechanically and chemically. Mechanical digestion in the mouth consists of mastication, or the chewing and grinding of food into smaller pieces. The salivary glands release saliva, mucus, and three enzymes: salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and lysozyme.

Figure 3.21 The mouth1

Salivary amylase cleaves the glycosidic bonds in the starch molecules, amylose and amylopectin. Overall however, this enzyme accounts for a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion.

Lysozyme helps break down bacteria cell walls to prevent a possible infection. Another enzyme, lingual lipase, is also released in the mouth. Although it is released in the mouth, it is most active in the stomach where it preferentially cleaves short-chain fatty acids. Lingual lipase has a small role in digestion in adults, but may be important for infants to help break down triglycerides in breast milk2.

Swallowing (a.k.a Deglutition)

Now that the food has been thoroughly chewed and formed into a bolus (a small rounded mass of chewed food), it can proceed down the throat to the next stop in digestion. It will move down the pharynx where it reaches a “fork in the road”, with the larynx as one road and the esophagus as the other. The esophagus road leads to the stomach; this is the direction that food should go (see figure 3.22). The other road, through the larynx, leads to the trachea and ultimately the lungs. This is definitely not where you want your food or drink going, as this is the pathway for the air you breathe.

Figure 3.22 Cross section of face. The epiglottis covers larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the lungs3

Fortunately, our body was designed in such a way that a small flap, called the epiglottis, covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing. It directs the food down the correct road as shown below.

Figure 3.23 Epiglottis is like a traffic cop guiding food down the correct digestion road.

Esophagus

Before being correctly guided into the esophagus, the bolus of food will travel through the upper esophageal sphincter. Sphincters are circular muscles that are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract that essentially serve as gates between the different sections. Once in the esophagus, wave-like muscular movements, known as peristalsis, occur, as shown in the animation and video in the links below. Peristalsis occurs throughout the digestive tract with the purpose of moving food along the tract.

Required Web Links Peristalsis Animation Video: Peristalsis (0:57)

At the end of the esophagus, the bolus will encounter the lower esophageal sphincter, also known as the cardiac sphincter due to its proximity to the heart. This sphincter keeps the harmful acids of the stomach out of the esophagus. However, in many people this sphincter is leaky, which allows stomach acid to reflux, or creep up, the esophagus. Stomach acid is very acidic (has a low pH). The ruler below will give you an idea of just how acidic the stomach is. Notice that the pH of gastric (term used to describe the stomach) fluid is lower (more acidic) than any of the listed items besides battery acid.

Figure 3.24 pH of some common items4

The leaking of the very acidic gastric contents results in a burning sensation commonly referred to as “heartburn.” If this occurs more than twice per week and is severe, the person may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The following videos explain more about these conditions.

Required Web Links Video: Acid Reflux (1:28) Video: GERD 101 (0.55)

Table 3.21 Review of Chemical Digestion in the Mouth

Macronutrient	Action
Carbohydrates	Salivary amylase cleaves glycosidic bonds
Lipids	Lingual lipase begins digestion of triglycerides
Protein	None

References & Links

Alan Hoofring, http://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=4371
Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, editors. (2006) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu01_head_neck.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/PH_scale.png